The return loss result of the antenna was mostly suffered by the tuning stub’s dimensions and shape. Another antenna with a tapered sickle slot shape cut from the crescent to create band rejections for an in-band WiMax frequency band (3.4– 3.69 GHz) with optimized dimensions of is a good choice for portable devices. Irrespective of the field of interest, I hope that this tutorial on Antennas and different types of Antennas will be useful to even a non-technical person. 3d Printer Kits Buy Online Moreover, it showed that cutting the Vivaldi antenna and creating a slot between three parts of its patch could improve the BW and change the antenna with a narrow band to a wide band. Such type of medium is called Guided Medium. The antenna in [26] illustrated the impedance BW of 38.8% and a high cross-polarization rejection higher than 15 dB better than that presented in [27]. A 0 dBd gain antenna radiates more energy higher in the vertical plane to reach radio communication sites located in higher places. Besides, GND should be optimized to get a good impedance matching. Arduino Robot Kits ), as well as a simple integration with the RF circuits. The result illustrated that the slot with an elliptical shape has large effects on the low-frequency edge. In designing a procedure of stack antennas, optimizing the layer’s thickness affects the Q-factor and the BW. The antenna consisted of a tapered microstrip feed line and a ring-shaped monopole. Apart from the fundamental mode of , the other pairs of mode were investigated orthogonally such as and at 5.36 and 5.65 GHz and and at 6.27 and 6.57 GHz. Thereafter, Sections 4, 5, and 6 demonstrate the wide-slot monopole antennas, the stacked patch antennas, and tapered slot monopole antennas’ (TSA) specifications. A circularly polarized (CP) slot antenna with an elliptical shape fed by CPW presented in [55] was used for UWB applications. This article provides the state of the art on the field of UWB antennas designed for wireless communication applications. A circularly polarized (CP) dielectric resonator fed from only one terminal is presented in Figure 5 [21]. To improve the antenna performances, the conventional patch converted to a planar slot antenna which patch acted as a widened tuning stab. The proposed antenna was designed above the rectangular GND plane with dimensions of . Furthermore, the antenna comprised two layers of dielectric with dimensions of as the underneath layer’s patch and the upper layer had dimensions of and , respectively. One of the most popular antennas is the Horn Antenna, which effects the transition between transmission line and wave propagating in free space. The proposed antenna used a FR4 substrate, with 1.6 mm height, loss tangent of 0.02, and total size of . Apart from that, the proposed CP DRA achieved the impedance BW of 46.9% and 49.67% for the frequency range of 4.2-6.79 GHz and 4.1-6.81 GHz when it was excited through the stair-shaped slots. The MTM cells of the antenna was integrated with the patch and the GND layer. Furthermore, the system utilised a very low printing area with an overall size of 0.024 mm2 for the ASK modulation. These exponential shapes were connected to the slot lines at both sides of it. Best Wireless Routers Huang and W. C. Hsia, “Planar elliptical antenna for ultra-wideband communications,”, J.-P. Zhang, Y.-S. Xu, and W.-D. Wang, “Microstrip-fed semi-elliptical dipole antennas for ultrawideband communications,”, R. Eshtiaghi, J. Nourinia, and C. Ghobadi, “Electromagnetically coupled band-notched elliptical monopole antenna for UWB applications,”, J. Liu, S. Zhong, and K. P. Esselle, “A printed elliptical monopole antenna with modified feeding structure for bandwidth enhancement,”, L. Sorokosz and W. Zieniutycz, “On the approximation of the UWB dipole elliptical arms with stepped-edge polygon,”, H. G. Foshtami, A. H. Talkhouncheh, and H. Emami, “Wideband log periodic-microstrip antenna with elliptic patches,”, A. I. Oni and M. T. Ali, “Design of a compact, low-profile, elliptical patch UWB antenna and performance analysis in vicinity of human layered tissue model for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications,”, R. Lakshmanan and S. K. Sukumaran, “Flexible ultra wide band antenna for WBAN applications,”, R. Bharadwaj, C. Parini, and A. Alomainy, “Experimental investigation of 3-D human body localization using wearable ultra-wideband antennas,”, L. A. Yimdjo Poffelie, P. J. Soh, S. Yan, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, “A high-fidelity all-textile UWB antenna with low back radiation for off-body WBAN applications,”, M. Goudah and M. Y. Yousef, “Bandwidth enhancement techniques comparison for ultra wideband microstrip antennas for wireless application,”, R. B. V. B. Simorangkir, A. Kiourti, and K. P. Esselle, “UWB wearable antenna with a full ground plane based on PDMS-embedded conductive fabric,”, R. B. V. B. Simorangkir, Y. Yang, and K. P. Esselle, “Robust implementation of flexible wearable antennas with PDMS-embedded conductive fabric,” in, Z. Hamouda, J. L. Wojkiewicz, A. Many DRAs exist for various applications like communications [116, 117]. Moreover, the microstrip antennas’ design techniques, different structures and shapes, analysis, and feeding methods apply to improve the antennas’ characteristics and performances. The total dimensions of the surface area were on a total size of fabricated on a Rogers Ro4003 layer with and 0.8 mm height. A brief comparison of applied UWB antennas for communication applications. There are several types of antennas and each literature work has its own classification of antennas. In addition to the previous parts, the antenna had a shorting wall on one side of the rectangular patch and a narrow linear slot on the patch. Furthermore, it reduced the power at higher modes, the surface current extended when the Y-shape was applied, and the exponential curve was used next to the Y-shape corrugated to focus the energy. 2019, Article ID 7918765, 25 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7918765, 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia, 2Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Saudi Arabia, 3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Buein Zahra Technical University, Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran. Led Strip Light Kits Buy Online Due to the low profile and simple structure, it was a promising structure for wide-band applications. Moreover, the antenna showed a good performance with low distortion in the 3 dB half-power beam and maximum peak obtained to design the CS points for the cubic line and the outer CS points. An antenna with textile material as substrate and semi-elliptical GND shaped antenna was printed for UWB communications [104]. The MTM structure consisted of slits with an H shape and inductors with a spiral shape which cut from the radiation patch. In addition, the antenna got the fidelity factor more than 91% for BW higher than 40%. The proposed antenna attained a broad BW of 3.1-15 GHz with . Both antennas were fabricated on a substrate with and . The use of dielectric materials implies the presence of surface waves; therefore, the use of thin dielectric materials having low dielectric permittivity is strongly recommended. Irrespective of the application that an antenna is used in, all the antennas are associated with a few fundamental parameters. In addition, the antenna was fabricated on a FR4 layer with and 1.6 mm height. However, the exponential shape got a better peak compared to cubic spline because of more gain in the frequency domain, and the taper design with a cubic spline got a lower ringing [72]. The monopole elliptical antenna was investigated in terms of reflection coefficient, directivity, and gain over the working BW. Then, a parasitic patch was used to meet the compact antenna requirements along with BW increase. Then their properties and features were investigated for some years, and that was a spark to the microstrip concept’s development [10]. Apart from the radiation pattern, the proposed antenna achieved excellent return losses (<10 dB) with broad BW 2-20 GHz; hence, the proposed UWB antenna was a promising choice for UWB applications. Sometimes, the radiation of the antenna is also a function of the power per unit solid angle. The ratio of power density to the average power radiated is known as Directive Gain. essentially have an antenna in one way or other. Another paper designed a dual-band PIFA antenna for the ISM band at both 433 MHz and 2 4 GHz (Figure 4) [20]. Thereafter, the L-shaped slot was utilised to eliminate the band rejections just created. Finally, it was proved that by choosing a proper material, the proposed replacement achieved a wider BW. Lens antennas at THz frequencies will form a key element in THz communication systems as they are wideband devices and generate the directive beams necessitated by the small wavelength and high path loss. Thus, the proposed antenna became suitable for UWB applications. If the antenna is not correctly tuned a proportion of the transmitted power is reflected back to the transmitter rather than being radiated by the antenna. To overcome these drawbacks, additional research activities should be performed to find new metamaterial geometries suitable to guarantee stable group delay and limited ringing effects. The antenna was fed by a modified TSA CPW in between the GND layers, and then the elliptic patch applied three metallic branches: one central and two side branches. Both gain and directivity of the antenna were increased by 48.77% and 48.12%, respectively, and the radiation efficiency of the antenna improved by 2.65% at higher bands [86]. In addition, to obtain the configurability of the antenna, three switches named SW1, SW2, and SW3 were used. The antenna matched easily and was directly applied for UWB applications. After the improvement, the frequency band was shifted to a higher band. Besides, different lengths of the feeding line showed varied amounts of gain. which guides the signal to propagate from one point to other. FM Radio Kit Buy Online Furthermore, the antenna achieved a working BW of 2.7-11 GHz for . Best Robot Kits Kids The antenna was designed and fabricated on nonwoven polyester with dimensions of , and it comprised a resonator with triangular shape fed by a microstrip line. robots, not a single robot, to fulfill their objectives. Then, it was fed through the tapered slot which made many resonances and more modes. Furthermore, the stepped shape was used for better matching. Then, the final design was fabricated on three layers of substrate. Best Gaming Mouse For example, take the case of an aeroplane. In addition to that, the simulated gain over the ultra BW was around 1.39 dBi in boresight. Moreover, cutting the slot from the patch shows improvement in BW in the UWB antenna. Perhaps the simplest of all antennas is the Short Dipole Antenna. Fundamental parameters left and right hand towards 107 degrees, and end-fire radiation pattern both... 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